Tiet kiem dien khi su dung may tinh

Cac che do tat may tam thoi nhu Stand by, Hibernate, Suspend to RAM se giup may tinh tieu ton rat it nang luong khi khong lam viec, va tro lai nhanh trang thai lam viec ma khong phai qua giai doan khoi dong. Nhung ap dung che do nao, cho loai may nao la thich hop nhat? Phai thiet lap cac option phan cung va phan mem nhu the nao thi moi tan dung duoc nhung tinh nang nay? Truong hop che do tam nghi khong hien thi thi co the giai quyet ra sao?... Do la nhung van de duoc de cap trong bai viet nay.

Gia dien sap tang, co le da den luc chung ta nen tinh den van de tiet kiem dien nang (va tiet kiem thoi gian) bang cach tim hieu can ke hon cach thuc quan ly nang luong trong may tinh.

1. Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)

Tu nhung nam 1996, day la chuan dac ta phan cung de quan ly dien nang cho PC duoc phat trien boi HP, Intel, MS, Toshiba. Moi dau cho laptop roi buoc qua desktop voi Windows, Mac OS, Unix, Linux. Truoc do da co Advanced Power Management (APM) duoc dieu khien boi BIOS voi su can thiep co gioi han cua he dieu hanh nhu Windows 95 nen con rat nhieu han che.

ACPI trai qua nhieu phien ban, va den phien ban 3.0a (2006) moi nhat da co nhieu cai tien dang ke dem lai nhieu loi ich thiet thuc cho nguoi dung voi cac che do tiet kiem nang luong.

2. Cac che do tat may tam thoi

-Suspend To Ram (S3, STR): Day la mot trong cac che do stand by (cho san) tuyet voi nhat cua ACPI. No cho phep nguoi dung khi khong lam viec co the dua may tinh vao che do giong nhu giac ngu dong cua cac sinh vat de tiet kiem nang luong. Toan bo tinh trang cua may tinh o phien lam viec hien hanh duoc dua vao RAM. He thong se ngung toan bo moi hoat dong cua CPU, dia cung, do hoa, cac chip, man hinh... de keo dai tuoi tho cua chung. No chi duy tri mot nguon dien nho hon 5 W bao ton “cuoc song” cho RAM, de danh thuc (wake up) ca he thong sau nay. Khi bi danh thuc, may tinh se thuc day va di ngay vao phien lam viec luc truoc de ta tiep tuc cong viec ma khong bi mat thoi gio boot may, khong bi gian doan cong viec.

-Hibernate (S4, STD): Day la mode ngu dong hoan toan cua may, tuong tu S3 o tren nhung trang thai cua may tinh se duoc ghi xuong dia cung (Save To Disk, Suspend To Disk) thanh file Hiberfil.sys nen toc do khi dong may va mo may hoi cham hon S3 vi phu thuoc vao toan canh phien lam viec. Kich thuoc file nay thuong bang dung luong RAM tren may, vi do la toan bo tinh trang ca he thong ghi vao RAM duoc save lai nen dung luong cua RAM cang lon thi Hiberfil.sys cang lon.

-Stand By, Power On Suspend (S1, POS): Mode ngu mac dinh tuy thuoc su kiem soat cua he dieu hanh, cho phep he thong giam bot hoat dong cac thiet bi phan cung nhung o muc do thap hon cac mode tren vi may van con hoat dong ngam de duy tri phien lam viec. Du lieu se toan ven khi may duoc danh thuc.

3. So sanh

Trong 3 che do tren thi moi cai co uu diem rieng nhung co ve S3, STR la hay nhat vi de dung va co toc do nhanh nhat ma van tiet kiem dien nang. No rat huu dung khi nguoi dung tam nghi may tinh vi ban viec nhu di an uong, toilet... hay tham chi tranh thu ngu vai tieng hoac ca dem cung duoc. Nhuoc diem cua S3 la neu dien cup roi co lai thi ca he thong phai bat dau lai tu dau vi thong tin luu trong RAM da mat het. Rieng laptop khong bi loi nay vi no xai pin.

Che do Hibernate S4 thi kha ton dia, toc do dong may hoi cham khi co nhieu thong tin can ghi len dia. Khi bi danh thuc, may se vao phien lam viec kha nhanh nhung khong the nhanh bang S3 vi may se phai chuyen du lieu file Hiberfil.sys vao RAM roi he thong moi duoc danh thuc nhu S3. Bu lai S4 co cai uu diem nhat la khong ton dien, khong le thuoc vao nguon dien nen dien cup cung khong anh huong den qua trinh ngu dong vi thong tin van duoc luu tren HDD. Diem yeu la o cung cai he dieu hanh neu thieu cho trong thi may rat de bi loi vi file Hiberfil.sys khong the di doi.

Con che do stand by thong thuong S1 thich hop cho may cau hinh binh thuong, khong qua cao cap, tam nghi trong thoi gian ngan.

Tuy hoan canh ma nguoi dung lua chon mot trong cac phuong phap tren. Voi cac may manh doi moi hien nay nen su dung tinh nang Suspend to RAM la cach tiet kiem dien nang hay nhat, rat phu hop voi phong cach nhanh nhen cua tac phong cong nghiep. Doi voi nguoi dung thuong phai tai file lon nen chon che do standby bang tay, khong nen chon auto theo thoi bieu de Turn off hard disk, chi nen chon Turn off monitor. Dan overclocker khi can cho may chay hang gio qua dem de on dinh chung dan dan theo cac muc ep xung tu thap len cao tot nhat la dung man hinh LCD hay tat han man hinh. Doi voi laptop nen chon dong may Centrino co cong nghe SpeedStep de tiet kiem dien nang ca trong khi dang lam viec, con khi tam nghi thi van nen dung Stand by voi Suspend to RAM hay Hibernate, nhung thinh thoang cung nen shutdown (tat may) mot cach tu nhien, cho may co the khoi dong theo cach tu nhien de lam tuoi lai he thong.

4. Cach thiet lap

Boot may roi nhan phim Del (hay F1, F2, F8, Esc tuy theo BIOS) vao BIOS Setup > Power Management Setup, thiet dat cac tuy chon sau xong thoat ra va save lai bang phim F10:

ACPI Suspend Type > S3(STR) (kieu mac dinh la S1(POS) danh toan quyen cho he dieu hanh).

Chi can chon nhu tren la du, cac tuy chon sau la tuy y thiet dat them:

- Resume by Alarm > Enabled neu muon tu dong mo may theo gio dinh truoc.

- Power On by Mouse > Enabled de mo may bang double click chuot (Win XP, 2000).

- Power On by Keyboard > Enabled phoi hop voi KB Power On Password de mo may theo mat khau dinh truoc. Mot so mainboard co the phai set lai jumper de 2 tuy chon nay co tac dung.

- USB device wake-up from S3 > Enabled de co the danh thuc S3 tu mouse hay keyboard qua cong USB.

- Vao Control Panel > Power Options tuy chon voi cac tab chuc nang nhu Hibernate de Enable hibernation theo y muon.

- Trong man hinh Shutdown, de vao mode S3: chon Stand by (Suspend); de vao mode S4: dung phim Shift de chuyen Stand by thanh Hibernate va chon no bang chuot.

- De Logon tu dong, vao Power Options > Advanced bo chon Prompt for password when computer resumes from standby.

- Tu Win Me tro len ta co the tat may nhanh nhat bang... “nhat duong chi”, nghia la bam nut Power tren thung may bat ky luc nao (khong can phai vao menu Start > Shutdown...), bat ke ban phim co phim Power hay khong, voi tuy chon Shutdown when I press the Power button on my computer (mac dinh trong XP).

- Danh thuc tu mode S3, S4 bang bam nut Power o thung may that nhanh, may moi co dien de danh thuc ca he thong. Rieng S3, tren mot so may co the khua chuot, ban phim hay nhan phim Wake up nhu mode Standby thong thuong S1, nhung co khi lai khong duoc. Muon dung chuot hay ban phim ta co the vao BIOS Setup, chon chuc nang mo may bang nhap chuot 2 lan hay bang keyboard voi password nhu da noi o tren.

5. Mot so tro ngai

C ACPI can bo nguon ATX dien the on dinh du cong suat kem RAM co chat luong va quan trong nhat la mainboard, CPU ke den la VGA card va sound card, monitor... co tinh nang ho tro ACPI. Cac thanh phan co ban nay phai dong bo tuong thich lan nhau va dat chuan chat luong de ho tro tot cho ACPI, nhat la S3 neu phan cung khong on dinh may rat de bi loi. Windows 2000 va XP tu dong nhan ra ACPI va dua vao Device Manager neu phan cung ho tro ACPI. Neu no khong nhan ra ACPI thi khong the hoac rat kho add ACPI cho no.

C Chuc nang Stand by bi mo:

- Mainboard khong ho tro: phai update BIOS, neu mainboard ho tro thi vao BIOS thiet lap chuc nang ACPI roi cai moi lai Windows.

- Driver card man hinh bi loi hoac chua duoc cai dat chinh xac: cai lai driver card man hinh.

- Ban Ghost Windows bi loi khong tuong thich hardware vi no khong add duoc Hardware Abstraction Layer nhu Acronis Universal Restore (LBVMVT 171). Thuong xay ra tren mot so may P4 va phan lon may PIII. Cach khac phuc la cai moi lai Windows va dung dung ban Ghost do nua, chi nen dung ban Ghost cua chinh may cua minh.

Tac gia N. Nghiem